II. Microbiology, Hematology & Urinalysis

Gram’s Stain
 
One very common tool used to identify bacteria is the gram stain, developed in the 1800’s and named after the Danish physician, Hans Christian Gram. In this test, the bacteria are stained, rinsed and stained with different dyes. One type of bacteria have simple cell walls which allow penetration of a violet dye. This type of bacteria is referred to as Gram positive. Another type of bacteria has complex cell walls which prevent penetration by the violet dye but will take up a red dye. These species are referred to as Gram negative.

Among pathogenic bacteria, Gram negative species are generally more threatening than Gram positive. Since Gram negative bacteria contain more complex cell walls, they are generally more resistant to antibiotics.

Papanicolaou Stains

Haematoxylin, Orange G, Eosin azure: Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic staining histological technique developed by George Papanikolaou, the father of cytopathology. Pap staining is used to differentiate cells in smear preparations of various bodily secretions; the specimens can be gynecological smears (Pap smears), sputum, brushings, washings, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, abdominal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, seminal fluid, fine needle aspiration material, tumor touch samples, or other materials containing cells. Pap staining is a very reliable technique. As such, it is used for cervical cancer screening in gynecology. The entire procedure is known as Pap smear.

Hematology

Wet blood mounts are a procedure, the blood is viewed live under a cover slip, no stains or dyes are used. The blood is viewed on a video monitor using 400x. From live blood mounts we obtain RBC morphology and insights into the nutritional status of the patient as well as the presence of yeast, bacteria and parasites.

Dry blood mounts reveal pathology, liver status, and free radical damage. Like a sedimentation rate, they are a form of health screening and generally do not make a specific diagnosis but rather a functional health status of the individual, the extent of free radical damage, the need for antioxidants, etc.

• How a simple salt solution can be used to screen for Nabel's microbe of the cancer diathesis and Koch's functional carbonyl group.
How the simple odor test can be used as a guide for food allergies.

Urinalysis

Physicians employ objective tests to not only diagnosis common health complaints, but also look for the early warning signs of our silent killers - cardiovascular disease, looming malignancy, and prerenal failure. Urinalysis is an objective and relatively inexpensive test that can spot metabolic dysfunction, prerenal failure and dormant calculi.

The physical examination of the kidneys, outside of palpation, can best be checked by macroscopic and microscopic examination of the urine. Urinalysis is routine in naturopathic practice. It is one of the most useful indicators of health or disease in terms of metabolism of macronutrients, acid/base balance of the interstitial fluids, and renal function.

Kidneys often remain painless unless expanded by the obstruction of a stone, from edema from infection, etc. The smoldering pyelonephritis is so often painless. Many other kidney disorders are silent and painless – staghorn kidney stones, tumors of the kidneys unless they bleed, even uremia. None of these are usually suggestive from history taking making proper urinalysis a necessity for primary care.

Microscopic analysis of Urine: urine is spun in a centrifuge so the solid materials (sediment) settle out. The sediment is spread on a slide and examined under a microscope. Types of materials that may be found include cells, crystals and casts.

5 Day Course, Nevis West Indies: The Complete Rural Laboratory & Vital Sign Stations Workshop

By many requests, we are offering a complete rural laboratory and vital sign station workshop, providing the participant with all the high tech, low cost tools for effective patron services. Learn endocrine blood pressure evaluations, ECG sreening, Pulse wave plethysmography, Cardiovascular screening, Urinalysis, Hematology, and much more...

REGISTER NOW! June 5 - 9 - 2012
Registration includes seminary fee, lodging, breakfast and lunch, workshop materials and Doc's fabulous LABORATORY MANUAL ($95 value).

I. Chemistry and Laboratory Field Diagnostics.

III. Pathophysiology, Vital Signs, and Bedside Diagnosis.

IV. Rural and onsite Therapeutics.

MORE INFORMATION FORM